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A 500 gram silver bullion bar
Silver, like other precious metals, may be used as an investment. For more than four thousand years, silver has been regarded as a form of money and store of value. However, since the end of the silver standard, silver has lost its role as legal tender in the United States. (It continued to be used in coinage until 1964, when the intrinsic value of the silver approached to overtake the coins\' face values.)
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The price of silver has been notoriously volatile as it can fluctuate between industrial and store of value demands. At times this can cause wide ranging valuations in the market, creating volatility.
Silver often tracks the gold price due to store of value demands, although the ratio can vary. The gold/silver ratio is often analyzed by traders and investors. Over most of the 19th century, the gold/silver ratio was fixed by law in Europe and the United States at 1:15.5, which meant that one troy ounce of gold would buy 15.5 ounces of silver [1]. The average gold/silver ratio during the 20th century, however, was 1:47.0 [2].
Annual average price of silver. The large spike occurs in 1980
| Year to 31st December | Silver price US$/oz | Gold price US$/oz | Gold/silver ratio |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1910 | 0.54 | 20.67 | 38.28 |
| 1920 | 0.54 | 20.67 | 38.28 |
| 1930 | 0.33 | 20.67 | 62.67 |
| 1940 | 0.35 | 34.50 | 98.57 |
| 1950 | 0.80 | 40.25 | 50.31 |
| 1960 | 0.91 | 36.50 | 40.11 |
| 1970 | 1.64 | 37.60 | 22.93 |
| 1980 | 15.65 | 641.20 | 40.97 |
| 1990 | 4.17 | 423.80 | 101.63 |
| 2000 | 4.60 | 272.15 | 59.16 |
| 2005 | 8.83 | 513.00 | 58.10 |
| 2006 | 12.62 | 628.20 | 49.78 |
From September 2005 onwards, the price of silver has risen fairly steeply, being initially around $7 per troy ounce but reaching $14 per oz. for the first time by late April of 2006. The monthly average price of silver was $12.61 per ounce during April 2006, and the spot price was around $15.78 per ounce on November 6 2007. As of March 2008, it has hovered around $20 per troy ounce. [3].
A traditional way of investing in silver is by buying actual bullion bars. In some countries, like Switzerland and Liechtenstein, bullion bars can be bought or sold over the counter at major banks.
Physical silver, such as bars or coins, may be stored in a home safe, a safe deposit box at a bank, or placed in allocated (also known as non-fungible) or unallocated (fungible or pooled) storage with a bank or dealer.
Various sizes of silver bars:
American Silver Eagle bullion coin.
Buying silver coins is another popular method of physically holding silver. One example is the 99.999% pure Canadian Silver Maple Leaf. Coins may be minted as either fine silver or junk silver, the latter being older coins with a smaller percentage of silver. U.S. pre-1965 half dollars, dimes, and quarters are 25 grams per dollar of face value and 90% silver (22½ g silver per dollar). (all 1965-1970 and one half of the 1975-1976 Bicentennial San Francisco proof and mint set Kennedy half dollars are "clad" in a silver alloy and contain just under one half of the silver in the pre-1965 issues.)
Junk silver coins are also available as sterling silver coins, which were officially minted until 1919 in the United Kingdom and Canada, and 1945 in Australia. These coins are 92.5% silver, and are in the form of (in decreasing weight) Crowns, Half-crowns, Florins, Shillings, Sixpences, and threepence. The tiny threepence weighs 1.41 grams, and the Crowns are 28.27 grams (1.54 grams heavier than a US $1). Canada produced silver coins with 80% silver content from 1920 to 1967.
Some hard money enthusiatists use .999 fine silver rounds as a store of value. A cross between bars and coins, silver rounds are produced by a huge array of mints, generally contain an ounce of silver in the shape of a coin but have no status as legal tender. Rounds can be ordered with a custom design stamped on the faces or in assorted batches.
A certificate of ownership can be held by silver investors instead of storing the actual silver bullion. Silver certificates allow investors to buy and sell the security without the difficulties associated with the transfer of actual physical silver. The Perth Mint Certificate Program (PMCP) is the only government guaranteed silver certificate program in the world.
The U.S. dollar has been issued as silver certificates in the past, each one supposedly representing one actual silver dollar on deposit. The notes were issued in denominations of $10, $5, and $1.
Most Swiss banks offer silver accounts where silver can be instantly bought or sold just like any foreign currency. Unlike physical silver, the customer does not own the actual metal, but rather has a claim against the bank for a certain quantity of metal. Many digital gold currency providers, such as e-gold and GoldMoney, offer silver as an alternative to gold and work on a similar principle. Other electronic silver accounts include the eLibertyDollar and Phoenix Silver. Silver accounts are backed through unallocated or allocated silver storage.
Exchange-traded funds (or ETFs) represent a quick and easy way for an investor to gain exposure to the silver price, without the inconvenience of storing physical bars. The silver ETFs are:
Firms such as Cantor Index and IG Index, both from the UK offer the ability to take a bet on the price of silver through what is known as a spread bet.
Derivatives, such as silver futures and options, currently trade on various exchanges around the world. In the U.S., silver futures are primarily traded on COMEX (Commodity Exchange) which is a subsidiary of the New York Mercantile Exchange. In November 2006, the National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange (NCDEX) in India introduced 5 kg silver futures [8].
These do not represent silver at all, but rather are shares in companies that mine silver. Companies rarely mine silver alone, as normally silver is found within, or alongside, ore containing other metals, such as tin, lead, zinc or copper. Therefore shares are also a base metal investment, rather than solely a silver investment. As with all mining shares, there are many other factors to take into account when evaluating the share price, other than simply the commodity price. Instead of personally selecting individual companies, some investors prefer spreading their risk by investing in precious metal mining mutual funds.
In many tax regimes, silver does not hold the special position that is often afforded to gold. For example, in the European Union the trading of recognised gold coins and bullion products is VAT exempt, but no such allowance is given to silver. This makes investment in silver coins or bullion less attractive for the private investor, due to the extra premium on purchases represented by the irrecoverable VAT (charged at 17.5% in the United Kingdom, and 19% in Germany, for example).
Other taxes such as capital gains tax may apply for individuals depending on citizenship and if the asset is sold at increased value.
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from Wikipedia
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